Photovoltaics (PV) refers to the technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. Energy storage systems, on the other hand, store excess energy for later use, addressing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar power. It enables energy sustainability by providing a reliable source of power even when. . These variations are attributable to changes in the amount of sunlight that shines onto photovoltaic (PV) panels or concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP) systems. In this article, we will explore the latest advancements in energy storage. .