Hence, in most countries or regions in the Northern Hemisphere, offshore wind power complements offshore solar PV generation primarily in December and January, whereas solar PV generation supports wind power predominantly in June and July (Fig. 4B).
In addition, offshore wind turbines benefit from stronger and more consistent wind resources (9), whereas offshore solar PV systems gain efficiency due to the water's cooling effect (10), leading to enhanced power generation compared to their onshore counterparts.
Individual offshore wind and solar PV systems face resource variability, leading to imbalances between power generation and grid load (24). To address this, many offshore solar PV projects are now codeveloped with offshore wind farms to reduce costs and enhance grid stability (24).
Now, most global offshore wind capacity is concentrated in the North Sea and neighboring regions of the Northwest Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (11). In 2022, offshore wind contributed nearly 30% of global wind power generation (5). However, these figures are expected to shift in the near future.
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Hence, in most countries or regions in the Northern Hemisphere, offshore wind power complements offshore solar PV generation primarily in December and January, whereas solar PV
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